Carbon (C)
Quantum State Laser Excitation Simulator
λ = h / p
Matter exhibits wave-particle duality. For an electron orbiting with momentum p, the circumference must be an integral multiple of its de Broglie wavelength: 2πr = nλ.
Δx · Δp ≥ ℏ / 2
It is fundamentally impossible to simultaneously determine both the exact position and momentum of an electron. Orbitals represent 90% probability density volumes.
Unique (n, l, m_l, m_s)
No two electrons in an atom can have identical values for all four quantum numbers. Each spatial orbital holds a maximum of two electrons with anti-parallel spins (↑↓).
Maximum Parallel Spin
Degenerate subshell orbitals (such as 2p_x, 2p_y, 2p_z) are singly occupied with parallel spins before electron pairing begins, minimizing inter-electronic Coulombic repulsion.